Anatomy Ch.14 Test Review

1.  What are the 3 functions of blood?  (Give 2 examples of each function.)

a.  Transport:  oxygen from lungs to body, CO₂ from body cells to lungs, nutrients from GI tract to body, heat & waste from cells, and hormones

b.  Regulates: pH, temp, osmotic pressure in cells

c.  Protects: clotting, WBC protect against disease (phagocytosis & make antibodies)

2.  What are the 2 main parts of blood?  Briefly describe their components.   

        a.  55% blood plasma: straw-colored liquid part of blood, when formed elements are removed (water,        protein & other solutes)

         b.  45% formed elements (RBC, WBC & platelets)

 3.  Name and describe the function of 2 of the plasma proteins.

a.  Albumins:  helps maintain blood osmotic pressure (allows exchange of fluids across capillary walls)

         b.  Globulins:  includes antibodies & immunoglobulins

c.  Fibrinogen:  helps in clot formation

 4.  What is hemopoiesis and where does most of it occur?Hemopoiesis:  process of making the formed elements of blood.  Most of it occurs in the Red Bone Marrow. 

5.  Most blood cells develop from Pluripotent Stem Cells that are changed by hormones into 2 other types of stem cells.  What are these 2 other types of stem cells?  Describe what type of cells they form and where.   

a.  myeloid stem cells:  form in red bone marrow & differentiate into RBC, platelets & some types of WBC 

b.  lymphoid stem cells: complete their formation in lymphatic tissue & turn into T & B lymphocytes 

6.  What is another name for RBCs?  Erythrocytes 

7.  What does your hematocrit number measure? % of total blood volume made up of RBC

8.  What is hemoglobin and what kind of formed elements is it found in?    It’s the oxygen-carrying protein pigment (gives whole blood its color) found in RBCs.

 9.  What shape do RBCs have and why is this important?Biconcave:  concave on both sides; increases surface area for greater gas diffusion in & out of the RBC

 10.  What is Induced Polycythemia and how can it be dangerous?Athletes want to gain an edge by enhancing their RBC productivity & ability to transport oxygen by injecting Procrit or epogen to stimulate RBC production.  It increases blood viscosity, resistance to flow, makes harder to pump, increases blood pressure & risk of stroke

11.  How long does the average RBC live and what causes them to wear down?  RBC live about 120 days due to wear & tear on their plasma membrane as they squeeze through capillaries

 12.  What happens to the broken down parts of RBC hemoglobin?  (Include what happens to the globin, the iron part of heme and the non-iron part of heme.)

a.  Globin amino acids can be reused by body to make other proteins.

         b.  Iron part of heme: transfer proteins binds to it & carries it to the Red Bone Marrow to make           new hemoglobin.  

 c.  Non-iron portion of heme: Some is absorbed into the blood as a yellow pigment that’s excreted in urine.  Most is eliminated in feces as a brown pigment.

13.  What is erythropoiesis?  formation of RBCs

14.  What is another name for WBCs?  Leukocytes

15.  Which WBC is a 1^st responders; does phagocytosis & release enzymes that destroy certain bacteria?Neutrophils

16.  Which WBCs migrate to infected tissues and become wandering macrophages that can do phagocytosis & also clean up cell debris after infections?  Monocytes

17.  Which WBCs release enzymes that fight inflammation in allergic reactions; high counts of these can indicate allergic conditions or parasite infections?  Eosinophils

18.  Which WBCs are involved in inflammatory & allergic reactions?  Basophils

19.  Which WBCs combat bacteria by producing antibodies?  B-cells

20.  Which WBCs attack viruses, fungi and cancer cells?  T-cells                                             

21.  What are Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Antigens and what is their significance?  They are proteins that protrude from white blood cells’ plasma membrane & indicate whether people are compatible for tissue transplants.

22.  How long do WBCs normally live and what usually causes their death?  

WBCs can only “eat” so much material before dying; most live only a few days; only hours during an infection

 23.  What term means an increase in the # of WBCs?  What causes this?  Leukocytosis; caused by invading microbes, strenuous exercise & surgery

24.  What is a Differential White Blood Cell Count and why is it significant?  It tests the # of each kind of WBCs; it helps diagnose conditions since each WBC plays a different role in immunity

 25.  What type of formed elements are formed with magakaryocytes split into 2000-3000 pieces?  Platelets 

26.  What is the purpose of a bone marrow transplant?  To establish normal hemopoiesis; used to treat some leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, sickle-cell disease, breast, ovarian & testicular cancers                           

27.  What term refers to the sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are damaged? Hemostasis

28.  List the 3 Mechanisms for reducing blood loss & briefly describe each:

a.  Vascular Spasm:  smooth muscles in the wall of damaged blood vessel contract to reduce blood loss & allow other hemostatic mechanisms to work 

b.  Platelet Plug Formation: Platelet Adhesion-platelets stick to damaged blood vessels, Platelet Release Reaction- platelets extend projections that allow them to contract & release vesicle chemicals that activate nearby platelets & sustain vascular spasm, Platelet Aggregation-  gathering of platelets; as platelets release chemicals they make other platelets sticky & Platelet Plug-large # of platelets form a mass

c.  Clotting or Coagulation:  process of clot formation; fibrin formation

 29.  What term refers to the loss of large amounts of blood?  Hemorrhage

 30.  What is Clot Retraction?  It’s when fibrin thread attach to and pull the edges of damaged vessel closer together; allowing new cells to repair the vessel lining.

 31.  What process dissolves small inappropriate clots that form in the minor roughness within some blood vessels?  Fibrinolysis

 32.  List 2 things that can cause roughness inside vessel walls leading to inappropriate clot formation:

   a.  atherosclerosis (build up of fats on artery walls)

            b.  trauma or infection

33.  What term refers to clotting in an unbroken blood vessel?  Thrombosis

34.  What are blood clots (thrombus), air bubble, or pieces of debris transported by the bloodstream called?  Give 2 examples of effects they can have?  Embolus; if they get lodged in smaller arteries they can block blood flow to the brain, kidneys or heart causing a stroke, kidney failure or heart attack.

 35.  What are thrombolytic agents?  Give 2 examples and how they are used.  They are chemicals injected into body to dissolve blood clots & restore circulation.  Streptokinase is used to dissolve coronary artery clots and t-PA is a genetically engineered treatment for both heart attack & strokes caused by clots.

36.  Give the 4 common Blood Groups, tell which type of plasma membrane antigens and plasma antibodies each individual would have.

a. Type A blood:  people w/ antigen A on their RBC & anti-B antibodies in their plasma

 b.  Type B blood:  people w/ only antigen B on their RBCs & anti-A antibodies in their plasma

 c.       Type AB blood:  people w/ both antigen A & B on their RBCs & no antibodies in their plasma

 d.      Type O:  people w/ neither antigen A or B on their RBCs & both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are found in their plasma

 37.  What is the difference between Rh+ and Rh- factor?  Rh+:  people whose RBCs have the Rh antigen & Rh-:  people who lack the Rh antigen

 38.  What is a transfer of whole blood or blood components called?  Why is compatibility so important?  Transfusions; antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the antigens in the donor RBCs causing hemolysis (blood clotting)    

39.  What disorder has blood with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?  What are 2 main causes of it?Anemia; caused by low RBC #s & decreased hemoglobin

40.  What disorder is genetic and has abnormal hemoglobin causing RBCs to bend into sickle shape?  This disorder causes the RBCs to rupture & causes major tissue damage from lack of oxygen? Sickle Cell Disease 

 41.  What disorder is a genetic deficiency in blood clotting where bleeding occurs spontaneously or after minor trauma? Hemophilia 

42.  What disorder is caused by an incompatibility between an Rh- mother & her Rh+ fetus?  What treatment is there for it?Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn; Rh- mothers can be given an injection of anti-Rh antibodies to prevent the mom from making her own antibodies that would attack the baby.                 

43.  What are the two different types of leukemia?  Describe each.

a.  Acute leukemia:  malignant disease where blood has uncontrollable production of immature leukocytes

b.  Chronic leukemia:  mature leukocytes form but they don’t die at the end of their normal life span, they crowd out normal functioning WBCs, RBCs & platelets