Anatomy Ch.5 Review                                                              Name:  ___________________________

1.  Skin belongs to the ___________________________________ System.  Integumentary System

2.  What type of medicine specializes in skin disorders?  Dermatology

3.  The outer layer of skin is names the ____________________________ and is composed of ____________________________ tissue.  Epidermis; Epithelial

4.  The inner layer of skin is called the ______________________ and is composed of __________________________ tissue.  Dermis; Connective

5.  The __________________ layer is thicker.  Label both layers and the structures on Fig. LG 5.1.

Dermis

6.  The tissue that underlies skin is called ___________________________________.  It consists of 2 types of tissue, __________________________ and areolar. Subcutaneous; adipose

7.  Epidermis contains 4 distinct cell types. 

     a.  The most numerous cell type that produces keratin is called ______________________________.

            keratinocytes

     b.  ____________________________ produces pigments that give skin its color and that absorb UV-rays.

            melanocytes

    c.  These epidermis cells function in immunity:  ____________________________________.

            Langerhan Cell

     d.  ________________________ Cells in the deepest layer of epidermis, contribute to the sensation of touch.

            Merkel Cells

8.  ________________________ is a condition where new keratinocytes move from stratum basale to stratum corneum more quickly than normal.  This condition commonly affects the scalp where it is called __________________________. Psoriasis; dandruff

9.  The Stratum _______________________ consists of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells where new cells form.  Basale

10.  The Stratum _______________________ are the most superficial layer of epidermal skin; made of many layers of flat, dead cells that slough off. Corneum

11. ___________________ _________________________ secrete a lipid waterproofing sealant.

Lamellar Granules

12.  The upper portion of the dermis projects into epidermal regions by fingerlike extensions known as dermal ____________________________ that contains Corpuscles of ____________________ that are sensitive to touch.  Free nerve endings within papillae are sensitive to __________________________________________.

Papillae; Touch; temp/ pain/ tickling/ itching

13.  Deeper regions of the dermis are composed of ___________________ connective tissue strengthened by ________________________ and ______________________ fibers.  Extreme stretching of these fibers leads to the formation of ____________________________________.  These fibers are also disrupted by UVA rays that causes severe _________________________.  Dense; Collagen; Elastic; Stretch Mark; Wrinkles

14.  Dark sin is due primarily to the presence of the pigment _____________________.  In the inherited condition called __________________________, this pigment is absent in hair, skin, and eyes. Melanin; Albinism

15.  What are freckles and age (liver) spots? Accumulated spots / patches of melanin

16.  Carotene contributes a __________________________________ color to skin. Yellow-Orange

17.  ____________________________ accounts for the pinker color of skin during blushing and acts as a cooling mechanism when blood vessels become engorged.  This condition is known as ___________________.

Hemoglobin; Erythema

18.  Jaundiced skin has a more ______________ color, often due to ____________________ problems.

Yellow; Liver

19.  Cyanotic skin appears more ______________ due to lack of oxygen.

Blue

20.  Names the 3 types of accessory structures of the skin.

     a. Hair

     b. Glands

     c. Nails

21.  What is the main function of hair? Protection

22.  The part of the hair above the skin is the ______________________, the part in the dermis is called the ______________________. Shaft; Root

23.  Surrounding the root of a hair is the hair ________________________. Follicle

24.  What causes “goose bumps”? When arrector pili pull the hairs perpendicular to the skin’s surface during cold & fright.

25.  Hair color is due mostly to the pigment ____________________________.  Gray hair is due to a decrease is this pigment, and white hair results from accumulation of _____________ in the hair. Melanin; Air Bubble

26.  Sweat glands are called __________________________________ glands. Sudoriferous

27.  Glands leading directly to hair follicles; secrete sebum, which keeps hair and skin from drying out are called __________________________ glands. Sebaceous

28.  ____________________________ glands line the outer ear canal and secrete earwax. Ceruminous

29.  When enlarged, ____________________________ glands form blackheads, pimples, or boils. Sebaceous

30.  _________________________ glands help regulate body temperature and eliminate waste. Eccrine

31.  _________________________ glands are found in armpits, groin, and in the bearded areas of males. Apocrine

32.  What are the 3 main parts of a nail; briefly describe each.

     a. Nail body: visible part of the nail

     b  Free Edge:  part that extends past the edge of finger or toe

     c. Nail Root:  part of nail, not visible

33.  What is the role of the hair and nail matrix? Grow new hair or nail cells

34.  Name 3 roles of the nails.

     a. grasp small objects

     b. protect the ends of fingers & toes

     c. allows scratching

35.  Skin may be one of the most underestimated organs in the body.  List 5 functions of your skin.

     a. Regulates Body Temperature

     b. Protection

     c. Cutaneous Sensations; touch, pressure, vibrations, tickling & temp. pain

     d. Excretion & Absorption

     e. Synthesis of Vit. D

36.  Describe the damage that can occur to skin despite the use of sunscreen. 

UVA damages collage and elastic fibers which causes extreme wrinkles.  UVB damage can cause sunburns, but even if you use sunscreen you could be getting DNA damage in your epithelium cells which can lead to skin cancer.

37.  Complete the table relating to changes due to aging.

38.  Identify the following classes of burns.

     a.  Which type of burn is most serious? 3^rd degree

     b.  Which type of burn involves damage to only surface layers of the epidermis? 1^st degree

     c.  In which type of burn is skin more likely to form blisters? 2^nd degree

     d.  Which type of burn is most likely to cause hair loss and possible loss of sensation? 3^rd degree

39.  The most, life-threatening, rapidly metastasizing form of skin cancer is ______________________ _______________________________. Malignant Melanomas

40.  An inflammation of sebaceous glands that has been colonized by bacteria results in ________________.

Acne

41.  What are bedsores and what causes them?

Damaged epithelium tissue lost because pressure is creating lack of blood flow to an area; eventually killing the tissue