Anatomy Ch.1 Test Review                                                                         Name:  _________________

1.  Define the terms:

     Anatomy:  science of structure & relationships between structures

     Physiology: science of body function; how the body works

     Homeostasis:  maintaining a steady internal body environment despite changes inside & outside of the body

     Epidemiology:  study of why, when & where diseases occur & how they are spread

2.  Know the difference between a Sign and Symptom; given examples be able to identify which is which.

     Sign:  objective change that can be observed & measured; bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever…

     Symptom:  subjective change in body functions that can’t be externally observed; headache, nausea, pain

3.  Describe Anatomical Position:  standing erect facing the observer, head leverl, eyes forward, feet flat & forward, arms at sides 2/ palms turned forward

4.  Define the 6 important Life Processes of the body:

     a.  Metabolism:  all the chemical process that occur in the body

     b.  Responsiveness:  body’s ability to detect & respond to changes in the environment

     c.  Movement:  moving organelles, cells, organs….whole body

     d.  Growth:  increasing cell size, number of cells, amount of fluid around cells

     e.  Differentiation:  unspecialized cells become specialized (zygote & bone marrow)

     f.  Reproduction:  making a new individual or forming new cells

5.  Compare and contrast Negative & Positive Feedback Loops & give an example of each.

Negative Feedback Loop:  reverses a change in a controlled condition to maintain homeostasis; like blood pressure & blood sugar levels  & body temp

Positive Feedback Loop:  reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition; like childbirth, blood clotting & ovulation

6.  Define the directional terms and be able to use them when comparing the locations of body parts:

     Superior:  toward head & upper body

     Inferior:  away from head/ toward lower body

     Anterior:  nearer to front of body

     Posterior:  nearer to back of body

     Proximal:  on limb, nearer to trunk attachment

     Distal:  on limb, being farther from trunk attachment

    Superficial:  toward or on body surface

     Deep:  away from body surface

     Lateral:  farther from the midline

     Medial:  nearer to the midline of the body

Anatomy Ch.2 Test Review                                                             

1.  Define:

            Element:  substances that can’t be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical means

            Atom:  smallest unit of matter that retain the properties & characteristics of an element

            Ion:  an atom w/ a + or – charge because it gave up or gained an electron(s)

Free Radical:  electrically charged ion or molecule w/ an unpaired electron in its outermost shell; destructive to nearby tissue; created due to exposure to UV, x-rays & harmful substances

Antioxidants:  substances that inactivate free radicals & slow the rate of their damage; ex. Beta carotene, Vit. C & E

2.  List 5 characteristics of water that make it essential for life:

            a.  excellent solvent

            b.  helps w/ chemical reactions (hydrolysis:  adding water to break down large molecules)

            c.  absorb & releases heat very slowly

            d.  requires large amounts of heat to evaporate; making sweating an excellent cooling method

            e.  acts as a lubricant

3.  List 4 Organic Compounds and their building blocks.

            a.  carbohydrates:  glucose

            b.  lipids:  glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

            c. protein:  amino acids

            d.  nucleic acids:  nucleotides (nitrogen bases, sugar & phosphate group)

4.  What molecule provides the chemical energy needed for synthesis reactions?  Briefly describe this process.

ATP; transfers energy from energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring reactions (adding or removing an atom of phosphorus)

5.  What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Dehydration Synthesis:  a molecule of water is lost during the formation of large molecules/ compounds

Hydrolysis:  a molecule of water is added to break down large molecules into smaller ones

6.  What is the most concentrated source of energy in the body?

            Triglycerides (lipids)

7.  Briefly describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats (and their sources.)

            Saturated have only single bonds, are solid at room temp, and come from mostly animal sources.

            Unsaturated have double & triple bonds, are liquid at room temp, and come from plants.

8.  What type of bonds connect amino acids to make proteins?

            Peptide bonds

9.  List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

            a. RNA is single stranded; DNA is a double helix (double strand)

            b. RNA has the sugar ribose; DNA has the sugar deoxyribose

            c. RNA has the base uracil; DNA has the base thymine

10.  What is the chemical formula for glucose?

            C₆H₁₂O₆

11.  What 4 elements make up 96% of our body’s mass?

            C, O, H & N

12.  How do nitrogen bases pair up in DNA and RNA?

            In DNA:  A(adenine) pairs w/ T(thymine) & C(cytosine) pairs w/G(guanine)

            In RNA:  A (adenine) pairs w/ U(uracil) &  C(cytosine) pairs w/G(guanine)   

Anatomy 3 Test Review                                                                                   

1.  Vocabulary

Carcinogen:  cancer causing agent

Diffusion:  particles move from high to low concentration

Gene:  Group of DNA nucleotides that code for a particular protein

Genome:  total genetic info carried in a cell or organism

Geriatrics:  branch of medicine that deals w/ the medical problems & care of the elderly

Metastasis:  ability of malignant tumors to spread cancer cells to other parts of the body

Osmosis:  movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

2.  Cell Parts

Cytosol:  fluid part of cytoplasm

Golgi complex:  packages & sorts proteins

Lysosomes:  organelle containing digestive enzymes

Nuclear Envelope:  surrounds & protects the nucleus

Mitochondria:  cell powerhouse & changes food into ATP

Plasma Membrane:  made of bilipid layer of phospholipids, carbs, proteins

Ribosomes:  make protein

Compare Rough & Smooth ER

Rough ER has ribosomes and makes protein.  Smooth ER has NO ribosomes & makes steroids & fats.  Also Smooth ER detoxifies liver cells.

3.  Compare Active & Passive Transport.

Passive transport uses diffusion and osmosis where particles move with the concentration gradient from high to low concentration; no ATP.  Active Transport requires the use of ATP, protein pumps, & moves from low to high concentration.

4.  Compare & Contrast Hypertonic, Hypotonic & Isotonic Solutions & their effects on cells.

Hypertonic, water leaves the cell, Hypotonic, water enters the cell, Isotonic, balance between inside & outside of the cell.

5.  Compare Somatic Cell Division & Meiosis.

Somatic Cell Division uses mitosis to produce 2 identical body cells. (46 total chromosomes)  Meiosis creates gametes (sperm & egg) with half the chromosome number of the normal body cell. (23 total chromosomes)

6.  List the 3 main parts of the cell.

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

7.  Contrast Malignant & Benign Tumors.

Malignant tumors are cancerous and benign aren’t.  Malignant tumors usually metastasize.

8.  What are the 2 main parts of protein synthesis; briefly describe each.

Transcription:  making an mRNA copy of the DNA. (takes place in nucleus)

Translation:  using the mRNA copy to connect amino acids (via tRNA) into protein chains. (takes place on ribosomes)

9.  Describe the 4 phases of mitosis & Interphase.

Interphase- NDA is copied,

Prophase- chromatin form into chromosomes

Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase- chromatid separate to separate poles

Telophase- 2 daughter cells have formed; nuclear envelope reform

10.  Give 2 reasons why cells age.

Telomeres shorten and eventually disappear after numerous cell divisions so the cell no longer can divide and ages/ dies.  Glucose makes proteins stiff.  Free radicals cause wrinkles, stiff joints & hardened arteries.  Autoimmune Response is when your own immune system attacks your cells because they don’t recognize the plasma membrane proteins.

 Anatomy Ch.4 Review                                                                      

A.  Complete the table about the four main classes of tissues.

B.  Glandular Epithelium

B_____1.  Their products are secreted into ducts.

A_____2.  Their products are released into the ECF and then into the blood.

B_____3.  They secrete sweat, oil, mucus & digestive enzymes.

A_____4.  They secrete hormones.

C.  Connective Cells & Matrix

D_____1.  Phagocytic cells that engulf bacteria and clean up debris.

A_____2.  Fat cells

E_____3.  Produce histamine which dilates blood vessels.

B_____4.  Tough fibers in bundles that provide great strength; needed in tendons & bone

C_____5.  Can be greatly stretched without breaking; important in skin, blood vessels & lungs

D.  Connective Tissue

1.  List the 6 main types of Connective Tissue.

a. Loose Connective Tissue                                                      d. Bone

b. Dense Connective Tissue                                                      e. Blood

c. Cartilage                                                                             f. Lymph

2.  List the 4 components of blood tissue & briefly describe their function.

a. Platelets- clot blood

b. Plasma- liquid matrix w/ dissolved nutrients

c. RBC- carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

d.WBC- fight infections

E.  Muscle Tissue

F_____1.  Muscle tissue that can relax & contract by conscious control

B_____2.  Not consciously controlled

A_____3.  Muscle found in heart wall

E_____4.  Cells with alternating light & dark bands

D_____5.  Muscle found in blood vessels, intestines & bladder

C_____6.  Muscles usually attached to bones

F.  Nervous Tissue

C_____1.  Nerve cells that conduct impulses

B_____2.  Part of neuron that receives input from sensory receptors.

A_____3.  Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulses away to other neurons or tissue.

G.  Tissue Repair

1.  Which type of tissue is most readily able to replace itself? epithelial

2.  Which tissue is least able to renew itself? nervous

3.  What does the term “avascular” mean?  What types of tissues are avascular? w/o blood supply, cartilage

Anatomy Ch.5 Review                                                             

1.  Skin belongs to the ___________________________________ System.  Integumentary System

2.  What type of medicine specializes in skin disorders?  Dermatology

3.  The outer layer of skin is names the ____________________________ and is composed of ____________________________ tissue.  Epidermis; Epithelial

4.  The inner layer of skin is called the ______________________ and is composed of __________________________ tissue.  Dermis; Connective

5.  ________________________ is a condition where new keratinocytes move from stratum basale to stratum corneum more quickly than normal.  This condition commonly affects the scalp where it is called __________________________. Psoriasis; dandruff

6.  The Stratum _______________________ consists of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells where new cells form.  Basale

7.  The Stratum _______________________ are the most superficial layer of epidermal skin; made of many layers of flat, dead cells that slough off. Corneum

8.  Dark skin is due primarily to the presence of the pigment _____________________.  In the inherited condition called __________________________, this pigment is absent in hair, skin, and eyes. Melanin; Albinism

9.  ____________________________ accounts for the pinker color of skin during blushing and acts as a cooling mechanism when blood vessels become engorged.  This condition is known as ___________________.

Hemoglobin; Erythema

10.  Jaundiced skin has a more ______________ color, often due to ____________________ problems.

Yellow; Liver

11.  Cyanotic skin appears more ______________ due to lack of oxygen.Blue

12.  Names the 3 types of accessory structures of the skin.

     a. Hair

     b. Glands

     c. Nails

13.  What is the main function of hair? Protection

14.  Sweat glands are called __________________________________ glands. Sudoriferous

15.  Glands leading directly to hair follicles; secrete sebum, which keeps hair and skin from drying out are called __________________________ glands. Sebaceous

16.  ____________________________ glands line the outer ear canal and secrete earwax. Ceruminous

17.  Skin may be one of the most underestimated organs in the body.  List 5 functions of your skin.

     a. Regulates Body Temperature

     b. Protection

     c. Cutaneous Sensations; touch, pressure, vibrations, tickling & temp. pain

     d. Excretion & Absorption

     e. Synthesis of Vit. D

18.  Describe the damage that can occur to skin despite the use of sunscreen. 

UVA damages collage and elastic fibers which causes extreme wrinkles.  UVB damage can cause sunburns, but even if you use sunscreen you could be getting DNA damage in your epithelium cells which can lead to skin cancer.

19.  Identify the following classes of burns.

     a.  Which type of burn is most serious? 3^rd degree

     b.  Which type of burn involves damage to only surface layers of the epidermis? 1^st degree

     c.  In which type of burn is skin more likely to form blisters? 2^nd degree

20.  An inflammation of sebaceous glands that has been colonized by bacteria results in ________________.

Acne

Anatomy Ch.6 Review                                                                      

1.  List 6 functions of the skeletal system

     a.    provides body framework & supports soft tissue           d.  protects internal organ

     b.    skeletal muscles attach to bone & assist movement        e.  stores calcium & phosphorus

     c.    red blood marrow makes RBC, WBC & platelets         f.  triglyceride storage in yellow bone marrow

2. Classify each of the following bones as: long, short, flat, or irregular.

     a.  Femur:    long                                                                  d.  Phalanges:  long

b.  Cranium:  flat                                                                  e.  Ribs: flat

     c.  Carpals:  short                                                                f.  Vertebrae:  irregular

3. Bone Structure

     a.  Region where bone grows in length:  epiphyseal plate

      b.  Connective tissue surrounding bone surface; cells here allows bone to grow in diameter:  periosteum

      c  Mature Bone Cells:  Osteocytes

      d.  Cells that break down bone matrix:  Osteoclasts

      e.  Cells that deposit bone matrix:  Osteoblasts

     f.  Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue:  Bone Remodeling

 4.  Bone Surface Markings

     a.  An opening that blood vessels, nerves & ligaments pass through:  foramen

            -example:  foramen magnum

     b.  Tube-like channel extending w/in bone:  meatus

            -example:  external auditory meatus

     c.  Shallow depression in or on a bone:  fossa

            -example:  mandibular fossa

     d.  Large, rounded projection, usually w/ rough surface:  tuberosity

            -example:  deltoid tuberosity & tibial tuberosity (where patellar ligament attachment)

6.  Division of the Skeletal System

     a.  Number of bones in the adult skeleton:  206

     b.  Part of the skeleton that includes skull bones, ribs, sternum & vertebrae:  Axial Skeleton

     c.  Part of the skeleton that includes the pelvic girdle and the upper & lower limbs:  Appendicular 

7.  List & know the location of the 8 Cranial Bones:

     a.  2 Parietal bones                                                  d.  Occipital bone

     b.  2 Temporal bones                                               e.  Spenoid bone

     c.  Frontal bone                                                       f.  Ethmoid bone

8.  Identify the following Facial bones:

     a.  Form part of the nose’s bridge:  2 Nasal bones

     b.  Upper jawbone:  2 Maxillae

     c.  Lower jawbone; only movable skull bone:  Mandible

     d.  Cheekbones:  2 Zygomatic bones

      e. Smallest facebones (inside eye sockets):  2 lacrimal bones

      f.  Scroll-like bone help filter air:  2 inferior nasal conchae

      g. Triangular bone that makes up the floor of the nasal cavity:  vomer

 9.  Unique Skull Features

a.        Immovable joint between skull bones:  suture

     b.  Membrane-filled spaces found between cranial bones at birth; “soft spot”:  fontanels

      c.  Bone located in neck between mandible & larynx that doesn’t connect w/ any other bones:  Hyoid Bone

 10.  List 3 functions of the Vertebral Column:

     a.  Encloses & protects spinal cord

      b.  Supports head

      c.  Attachment for ribs, pelvis & back muscles

 11.  Regions of the Vertebral Column

     a.  Total adult vertebrae:  26

      b.  7 neck vertebrae:  cervical

      c.  12 vertebrae that attach to ribs:  thoracic

      d.  5 largest, strongest lower back vertebrae:  lumbar

      e.  5 fused lower, immovable vertebrae that forms a strong foundation for pelvic girdle:  sacrum

      f.  4 fused lower, immovable vertebrae that make up the tailbone:  coccyx

     g.  Cervical vertebra that supports the head:  Atlas

     h.  Cervical vertebra that allows head to pivot:  Axis

12.  Thorax

a.  2 functions of the thoracic cage:  encloses & protects thoracic organs / supports shoulder girdle & upper limbs

      b.  Breastbone:  Sternum

      c.  Smallest, lowest part of the breastbone that’s hyaline cartilage at birth and bone by 40:  Xiphoid Process

 13.  Pectoral Girdle

     a.  What bones make up the pectoral girdle?  Scapula & clavicle

      b.  Shoulder blade: Scapula

       c.  Collarbone:  Clavicle

 14.  Upper Limbs

     a.  Longest, largest upper arm bone:  Humerus

      b.  Medial bone of the forearm:  Ulna

      c.  Lateral forearm bone:  Radius

      d.  8 wristbones:  Carpals

      e  5 palm bones:  Metacarpals

     f.  Bones of the finger:  Phalanges

 15.  Pelvic Girdle

     a.  What bones make up the pelvis?  Hip bones, sacrum & coccyx

     b.  What are 3 functions of the Pelvic Girdle? Supports vertebral column, protects pelvic organs & attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton

    c.  Hip socket where femur head connects:  Acetabulum

 16.  Lower Limbs

     a.  Longest, strongest bone of the body: Femur

      b.   Kneecap:  Patella

      c.  Shin bone:  Tibia

      d.  Smaller, lateral lower leg bone:  fibula

      e.  7 ankle bones includes calcaneus, talus, 3 cuneiform & 1 cuboid bones:  Tarsals

      f.  Bones that form the top & arch of the foot:  Metatarsals 

 17.  Disorders: 

     a.  When the 2 maxillae don’t fuse before birth:  Cleft Palate

b.  An inflamed tibia periosteum caused by muscles and tendons tugging; usually from uphill and downhill running or walking:  Shin Splints

     c.  When ligaments & tendons of the arching bones of the feet weaken due to excess weight, abnormal           posture or genetics:  Flatfoot

     d.  A break in a bone is called a :  ____________________.  Describe the difference between a close   (simple) fracture and an open (compound) fracture.  Fracture; open is when the broken end pokes thru the skin

     e.  A disorder where the amount of bone being reabsorbed outpaces bone being built is called:

     Why are women at a higher risk than men?  Osteoporosis; women have smaller bones to begin with

 Anatomy Ch.7 Joints                                                            

1.  Vocabulary

      a.  Point of contact between bones, between cartilage & bones, or between teeth & bones:  Joint

     b.      Scientific study of joints:  Arthrology

      c.  Field of medicine related to joint diseases & conditions:  Rheumatology

 2.  The closer the fit at a joint, the (stronger, weaker) the joint and the (greater, more restrictive) the movement. Stronger, more restrictive

 3.  Structural Classification of Joints

 a.  _____________________Joint:  bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue & lack a synovial cavity. Fibrous

b.  _____________________Joint:  bones held together by cartilage w/o a synovial cavity.  Cartilaginous

c.  _____________________Joint:  bones form a synovial cavity; joined by dense irregular connective tissue w/ an articular capsule & accessory ligaments  Synovial

4.  Functional Classification of Joints

      a.  __________________________ Joints:  immoveable  Synarthrosis

      b.  __________________________ Joints:  slightly movable  Amphiarthrosis

     c.  __________________________ Joints:  freely movable  Diarthrosis

 5.  What structural feature of synovial joints make them more freely movable than fibrous or cartilaginous joints?  The synovial cavitgy between articulating bones; absence of tissue between bones that would restrict movement.

6.  Synovial Joint Parts

    A _____a.  Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of articulating bones but doesn’t bind them together.

    E_____b.  Connective tissue membrane that lines synovial cavity and secretes synvoial fluid.

    C_____c.   Parallel fibers in some fibrous capsules; bind bones together

    B_____d.   Fluid-filled sac that cushions movements

D_____e.  With the consistency of uncooked egg white or oil, it lubricates the joint and nourishes the    avascular articular cartilage.

7.  Types of Synovial Joints

   E  _____a.  Sternoclavicular and between carpal bones

   D _____b.  Examples include atlas-axis joint

   B  _____c.  Joint between metacarpals & phalanges of fingers

   A _____d.  Hip and shoulder joints

   C _____e.  Elbow, ankle, and joints between phalanges

   F_____f.  Thumb joint located between metacarpal of thumb and carpal bone

8.  Details of a Synovial Joint: Knee Joints

a.        The anterior tendon that connects the quadriceps femoris muscle into the tibia is the ________________________ ligament.  patellar

b.       The ______________________ cruciated ligament is torn in about 70% of serious knee injuries.

Anterior

c.       Two fibrocartilage discs named ____________________  found between the tibia and femur.  What is their function?  Menisci; they compensate for the irregular shape of the femur and tibia making the joint more stable.

      d.  ____________________ are saclike structures filled with fluid that reduce friction at joints. bursae

9. Types of Movement 

    D _____a.  State of entire body when it is in anatomical position

    A_____b.  Movement away from the midline of the body

    C _____c.  Raise your shoulders, as if to shrug them

    G_____d.  The action at your ankle joints that has you standing on your toes.

    E_____e.  Decrease in angle; lowering your head when nodding yes

    F _____f.  Sit w/ the soles of your feet pressed together

    I_____g.  Thrusting your jaw outwardly

    J _____h.  Turning your head from right to left to say no

    B_____i.  If you are winding up to pitch a ball, the movement at your should it this

    H _____j.  Stand in anatomical position (palms forward).  Now turn your palms backward.

10.  Joints & Aging

      a.  Aging causes (Increase, Decrease) of synovial fluid. Decrease

      b.  Aging causes (Thicker, Thinner) articular cartilage.  Thinner

      c.  (Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis) is most associated with aging.  Osteoarthritis

      d.  List and briefly describe the 3 forms of arthritis.

            - Osteoarthritis

            - Rheumatiod Arthritis

            -  Gouty Arthritis

      e.  Name one symptom common to all forms of this aliment:  _____________________ pain

 15.  Joint Injury

     a.  ______________________________ is the displacement of a bone from its joint w/ tearing of ligaments.

Dislocation

 b.  A (Sprain, Strain) is an overstretching of a muscle.  A (Sprain, Strain) involves more serious injury to joint that can be so painful that may be unmovable. Strain, Sprain

     c.  Lyme disease is caused by a ________________________ transmitted by a _______________ bite.  The classic appearance of the skin _______________ shaped-liked a bull’s eye target.  This condition leads to pain especially in (larger, smaller) joints.  Bacteria, tick, rash, larger